The federal government derives its authority to regulate pest control products from the Pest Control Products Act, a short statute consisting of only 13 sections.  This Act generally prohibits the manufacture, importation, sale and use in Canada of any pest control product that contravenes the Act or the regulations.  Notably, section 5 of the Act prohibits the sale and importation into Canada of any pest control product unless the product:

The current Pest Control Products Act is essentially “framework” legislation.  It is supplemented by the Pest Control Products Regulations, which set out detailed provisions under which the products are assessed and registered for use in this country.

The Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food was initially responsible for administering the Act.  However, this responsibility was transferred to the Minister of Health by Order in Council on 28 May 1995.  The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (the PMRA) was also created within Health Canada that year to assist the Minister of Health in administering the Act.

Although the Act has not been materially amended since its passage in 1969, it has been under active review for over a decade:

 

In June 1999, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development undertook a study on pesticides due in part to growing concerns about the safety of these products.

Indeed, an increasing number of published studies are linking pesticide exposure to a variety of diseases and developmental abnormalities, including various forms of cancer (brain, breast, stomach, prostate and testicles), childhood leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Parkinson’s disease, reduced fertility, damage to the thyroid and pituitary glands, lowered immunity, and behavioural problems.  Children, especially the very young, are considered to be particularly vulnerable because of their specific developmental and physiological characteristics:

The Committee tabled its 200-page report, entitled Pesticides:  Making the Right Choice for the Protection of Health and the Environment, in May 2000.  In general terms, it expressed concern that Canada’s pesticide-approval process places too much emphasis on the pesticide needs of producers and growers and not enough on human health and the environment.  The Committee urged that human health and the environment be given top priority in the decision-making process and it pressed for more research on pesticides to gauge their effects on human health and the environment, particularly their effects on children and other vulnerable groups (e.g., the unborn, the elderly, people in poor health, high-exposure workers, etc.).

Stressing the importance of reducing reliance on pesticides, the Committeealso advocated the promotion of and reliance on less-polluting strategies, such as organic farming and integrated pest management.

In total, the Committee made 77 recommendations for change.  Its first recommendation called on the federal government to introduce new pesticide legislation as a matter of top priority.  Its second recommendation urged that the new Act be based on the following guiding principles:

The Committee emphasized that these guiding principles should be “operationalized” in the new Act, as opposed to simply being set out in the preamble.  Other noteworthy recommendations called for:

This last recommendation sparked considerable public debate and proved to be the most controversial of the Committee’s recommendations.

The Committee’s report was not unanimous.  The Official Opposition filed a dissenting opinion in which, among other things, it criticized the majority report for failing to weigh the necessity and value of pesticides.

The federal government tabled its response to the Committee’s recommendations on 16 October 2000.  Although it was generally supportive of the Committee’s report, in many instances it failed to discuss the recommendations in sufficient detail to indicate what specific measures it would take and whether such measures would be enshrined in the new legislation, as opposed to the regulations or policy directives.  One noteworthy exception was in relation to the Committee’s proposed phase-out of pesticides for cosmetic purposes.  The federal government rejected this recommendation, opting instead to work with the provinces and territories to develop and promote approaches to pest management in lawns that would be consistent with the principles of integrated pest management.  It also undertook to carry out a priority re-evaluation of the most commonly available insecticides and herbicides now registered for lawn and turf care.

Acting on this commitment, the Honourable Allan Rock, former Minister of Health, announced a federal/provincial/territorial Action Plan for Urban Use Pesticides on 16 October 2000.  This plan includes a Healthy Lawns Strategy, as well as a Healthy Lawns website.

In introducing Bill C-8’s predecessor, Bill C-53, the Honourable Anne McLellan, Minister of Health, stated in the companion press release that the bill would safeguard Canadians, especially children, and would help ensure a safe and abundant food supply.  She also affirmed the federal government’s commitment to ensuring that Canadians are better protected from health and environmental risks posed by pesticides, observing that the bill reflected this commitment by modernizing and strengthening pesticide regulation and making the system more transparent.

   A.  Bill C-8:  An Overview

In contrast to the current Act, which contains only 13 sections, Bill C-8 contains over 90 clauses, although seven of these make consequential amendments to other statutes (clauses 82 to 88, inclusive) and one is transitional in nature (clause 81).

      1.  The Preamble

The bill begins with a relatively lengthy preamble, consisting of 7 recitals, the sixth of which contains 10 sub-recitals.

The opening recital indicates that there are potential risks, both direct and indirect, associated with the use of pest control products.  The second states that pest management plays a significant role in diverse areas of the economy and other aspects of the quality of life throughout Canada.  The third notes the significant contribution that pest control products of acceptable risk and value can make to the attainment of the goals of sustainable pest management.  The fourth defines the goals of sustainable pest management, whereas the fifth recognizes that the regulation of pest control products has traditionally been an area of shared responsibility between the federal government and the provinces and territories, and underscores the importance of continuing the current complementary approach in order to achieve mutually desired results efficiently, without regulatory conflict or duplication.

The sixth recital is the first one to place specific emphasis on the protection of human life and the environment.  Its first sub-recital provides that it is in the national interest that the primary objective of the federal regulatory system must be to prevent unacceptable risks to people and the environment from the use of pest control products.  The other sub-recitals deal with a variety of matters also considered to be in the national interest, including:

The last recital stipulates that Canada must be able to fulfil its international obligations in relation to pest management.

      2.  Definitions:  Clause 2

Clause 2 defines some of the key terms used throughout the bill.  Notably, it defines “pest” and “pest control product” in the following manner:

Clause 2(2) provides the following definition of “acceptable risks,” which is the standard that must be met for a product to be approved for registration:

      3.  Application to the Crown:  Clause 3

Clause 3 provides that the Act is binding on both the federal and provincial Crown.

      4.  Minister’s Mandate:  Clause 4

Clause 4 makes the prevention of unacceptable risks to people and the environment from the use of pest control products the Minister’s primary objective in administering the Act.  Consistent with and in furtherance of this primary objective, the Minister would be required to:

Clause 4.1 is an interpretive clause.  It specifies that, for greater certainty, the protection and consideration afforded children in the Act shall also extend to future generations.

      5.  Advisory Council:  Clause 5

Clause 5 authorizes the establishment of an advisory council to assist the Minister in carrying out his or her duties under the Act.  The Minister may specify the Council’s functions and the means by which they would be performed.  The Council would be required to submit its reports to the Minister, who would be required to place them in the Register created under clause 42.

      6.  Prohibitions:  Clause 6

Clause 6 sets out a number of specific prohibitions regarding the manufacture, importation, exportation, handling, use, storage, advertising, etc., of pest control products unless it is done in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the regulations.  It also sets out several defences.  Offences under this clause are punishable:

It should be noted that the penalties prescribed under clause 6 are only in relation to the offences set out under that clause.  Additional offences and violations, as well as the related penalties, are scattered throughout the legislation (e.g., clauses 29 to 33, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 53, 57, 59, etc.).  The general offences and punishment provisions are set out in clauses 68 to 80.  Clause 68(4) prescribes the severest monetary penalty in the bill.  Anyone who, while contravening the Act or regulations, wilfully or recklessly causes a risk of imminent death or serious bodily harm to another person, a risk of substantial harm to the environment or actual harm to the environment, is punishable:

      7.  The Registration of Pest Control Products:  Clauses 7 and 8

Under clause 7(1) an application to register a pest control product or to amend an existing registration must be submitted to the Minister in the specified form and manner.  Once satisfied that the application meets the prescribed requirements, the Minister is required by clause 7(3) to conduct any evaluations considered necessary in relation to the product’s:

The Minister must expedite the evaluation of reduced-risk products.  In specified cases, he or she must also carry out consultations with the public and with federal and provincial departments and agencies whose interests and concerns are affected by the federal regulatory system. (clause 7(3))

In order to approve an application, the Minister must be satisfied that the product’s health and environmental risks and value are “acceptable.” (clause 8(1))  As mentioned earlier, pursuant to clause 2(2), the health and environmental risks of a product are “acceptable” if there is reasonable certainty that no harm to human health, future generations or the environment will result from exposure to or use of the product, taking into account its conditions or proposed conditions of registration.

In making a determination as to the acceptability of a product’s risks, the Minister must apply a “scientifically based” approach.  In addition, in evaluating the health risks (but not the environmental risks) of selected products, the Minister must also:

As indicated above, the foregoing requirements apply only to selected products. These are products that, pursuant to clause 28, involve one of the following decisions to be made:

With regard to the evaluation of a product, other noteworthy requirements or provisions include the following:

After completion of the requisite evaluations and consultations, the Minister must (shall) register the product or amend its registration, if he or she considers that the product’s health and environmental risks and value are acceptable. (clause 8(1))  Conversely, where one or more of these criteria is considered unacceptable, the Minister must turn down the application. (clause 8(4))

Where an application is approved, the Minister must specify the conditions under which the product may be manufactured, handled, stored, transported, imported, exported, packaged, distributed, used or disposed, as well as the conditions regarding its composition and labelling. (clause 8(1))  In accordance with any applicable regulations, the Minister must also specify that product safety information, including a material safety data sheet, must be provided to workplaces where the product is used or manufactured. (clause 8(3))  A registrant must also provide the Minister with sales data regarding the registered product. (clause 8(5))

A registration or amended registration is valid for the period of time specified by the Minister, which may be either “finite” or “indefinite.”  (clause 8(1))

      8.  Maximum Residue Limits:  Clauses 9 to 11

Where necessary, the Minister would continue his or her current function of setting maximum residue limits (MRLs; i.e., the maximum limits of pesticide residues allowed on food). (clauses 9 and 10)  In selected cases, however, the Minister would be required to:

Similarly to clause 7(7), which deals with the initial registration of a product or an amendment to the registration, the foregoing requirements for evaluating the health risks of a product for the purposes of establishing the MRLs apply only to products involving a so-called “major” decision, namely:

      9.  Additional Information and Mandatory Reporting:  Clauses 12 to 15

A registrant could be required to compile additional information on the product, conduct tests and monitor experience with the product, and to submit the related report(s) to the Minister. (clause 12)

Registrants and persons applying to register a product or to have maximum residue limits specified would in turn have to report, on a mandatory basis, any information prescribed by regulation relating to the health or environmental risks of a product, or to its value. (clause 13)  After considering the information, the Minister would be required to determine whether to initiate a special review. (clause 14)  The Minister’s conclusions regarding this information would also have to be placed in the Register and made public if the Minister concluded that the product posed a significant health or environmental risk or that it was in the public interest to do so. (clause 15)

      10.  Re-evaluations and Special Reviews:  Clauses 16 to 21 

The Minister may initiate a re-evaluation of a registered pest control product where there has been a change in the information required, or in the procedures used, to evaluate the health or environmental risks or value. (clause 16(1))  Where a product involved a so-called “major” decision, it would have to be re-evaluated on a mandatory basis.  Specifically, the re-evaluation of an older product (i.e., registered before 1 April 1995) would have to be initiated, on a mandatory basis, no later than 1 April 2005 or the 16th year following the last date upon which one of the foregoing decisions was made, whichever date is the later.  The re-evaluation of newer products (i.e., registered on or after 1 April 1995) would in turn have to be initiated no later than the 16th year after the last decision of that type was made. (clause 16(2))  Note that although this clause requires the re-evaluation to be initiated within the specified time, there is no timeline regarding its completion.

In addition to re-evaluations, the bill also calls for products to undergo a special review in specified instances, namely:

Any person may also request a special review of the registration of a pest control product by making a request to the Minister.  Within a reasonable time after receiving such a request, the Minister must decide whether to go ahead and must provide the applicant with written reasons for the decision. (clause 17(4) and (5))

Clauses 16, 18 and 19 set out the steps to be taken and the matters to be considered in carrying out a special review or a re-evaluation.  Public consultations may be required in some, but not all, instances.

Clause 20 provides that during a re-evaluation or special review, the registration of a product may be cancelled or amended if the registrant fails to provide the requisite information, or where the Minister believes that such action is necessary to deal with a situation that endangers human health or safety or the environment, taking into account the precautionary principle.  The precautionary principle, set out in clause 20(2), states that “where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent adverse health impact or environmental degradation.”  This is the only reference in the bill to the precautionary principle.

Where, in turn, the requisite evaluations and consultations have been completed, the Minister must either confirm, cancel or amend the registration of the product in question.  However, the effective date of the Minister’s decision may be delayed on specified grounds, for example, where an alternative is not available and the Minister considers that the product’s health and environmental risks and value are acceptable until the effective date. (clause 21)

      11.  Other Grounds for Cancelling or Amending the Registration:  Clauses 22 to 27

Clauses 22 to 27 specify additional grounds for cancelling or amending a product’s registration.  These include:

The Minister may also amend the registration of a pest control product for the purpose of reducing its health or environmental risks or of increasing its value, but the registrant’s written consent would be required. (clause 24)

      12.  Public Consultation:  Clause 28

The Minister must consult the public as well as federal and provincial departments and agencies whose interests and concerns are affected by the federal regulatory system, but only in relation to selected decisions, namely decisions regarding:

Public consultations are initiated by making public a “consultation statement” containing specified information (e.g., summary of relevant reports, proposed decision and any confidential test data considered necessary in the public interest) and by inviting written comments, which the Minister must consider before making a decision.  Following the decision, a “decision statement” must in turn be made public, containing specified information (e.g., reasons for the decision, summary of the comments made, and any confidential test data considered necessary in the public interest).

      13.  Export Controls:  Clauses 33 and 34

Clauses 33 and 34 call for the establishment by the Governor in Council of a Pest Control Products Export Control List and prohibits anyone from exporting the products contained in the list unless duly authorized to do so.

Similar, albeit more detailed provisions, are contained in sections 100 to 103 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA, 1999).  These provisions allow implementation of the 1998 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (the PIC Convention).

      14.  Reconsideration of Decisions:  Clauses 35 to 40

Clause 35 allows a notice of objection to be filed in relation to specified decisions (e.g., decisions regarding the export of a pest control product or decisions regarding the registration of:  a product involving an unregistered active ingredient; a product that might result in significantly increased health and environmental risks; or a product that underwent a re‑evaluation or special review).

Following receipt of the notice of objection, the Minister may establish a review panel, whose role is advisory only.  However, the Minister would have to make public the review panel’s recommendations, as well as his or decision, the reasons for it, and a summary of the information considered, including any confidential test data deemed necessary in the public interest. (clause 39)

      15.  Authorization to Use an Unregistered Pest Control Product:  Clause 41

The Minister could authorize the use of an unregistered product for a specified purpose, subject to the regulations and any conditions that he or she specified.  The Minister would have to do so (shall) where he or she considered that the specified purpose, if carried out in accordance with the conditions that were prescribed, would not pose unacceptable health or environmental risks.

      16.  Access to Information:  Clauses 42 to 44

Clause 42(1) calls for the establishment of a Register of Pest Control Products which, subject to the applicable regulations, would contain information on pest control products, including information regarding applications, registrations, re-evaluations and special reviews.  The Register would be required to contain the information specified in clause 42(2).

The public, however, would not necessarily have access to the information contained in the Register.  It would have access to (and could copy) only information that was not confidential test data or confidential business information, unless disclosure, in the latter case, was otherwise authorized under the regulations. (clause 42(4))  However, confidential test data and confidential business information could be disclosed in the circumstances specified in clauses 43 and 44.  For example, confidential test data in the Register could be inspected by a person who, after submitting the requisite application and an affidavit, was authorized to do so where the Minister was satisfied that the applicant would not use the data to register a product (or amend the registration) or supply the data to another person for such a purpose. (clause 43(2))  Subject to the regulations, confidential test data and confidential business information could also be released to specified parties for specified purposes, such as to medical professionals who request the data to make a diagnosis or provide medical treatment, or to a federal or provincial government that requests the information in order to respond to an emergency. (clause 44)

In addition to the establishment of the Register, which would have limited public access, clause 42(7) calls for the establishment of an “electronic public registry.”  This registry would have to contain any information contained in the Register, a copy of which could be obtained by the public under the Act or the regulations.  It would also have to contain other specified information, including intergovernmental memoranda of understanding and reports on international harmonization activities regarding the regulation of pest control products.

Clause 42.1 requires the public to be consulted about policies, guidelines and codes of practice developed in relation to the regulation of pest control products.

      17.  Whistleblower Protection:  Clause 47

Clause 47 would protect whistleblowers who reported an actual or potential  contravention of the Act or the regulations to an inspector.  Their anonymity would be maintained, if requested.  They would also be protected in the workplace against dismissal, harassment, suspension, etc.

This workplace protection would also apply to persons who refused (or stated an intention to refuse) to do anything that he or she reasonably believed was or could be a contravention under the Act or who did (or stated an intention of doing) anything that he or she reasonably believed was required to be done under the Act.

      18.  Enforcement:  Clauses 45 to 61

Clause 45 calls for the appointment of inspectors and analysts.  Clauses 48 to 56 set out the provisions governing inspections, searches and seizures and the disposal of seized material.  Because these are fairly standard enforcement measures, they will not be considered further.

Under clause 57, an inspector who believes on reasonable grounds that a person has contravened the Act or the regulations, may issue a stop or shut down order in relation to the offending activity.  Such orders are subject to review in accordance with the provisions of clause 60.  This clause also allows the review of other selected enforcement actions.

      19.  Fees, Charges and Costs:  Clauses 63 and 64

Clause 63 allows the government to recover any fee or charge related to the administration of the Act or regulations.  Clause 64, in turn, allows the government to recover, from specified parties, any charges under the Act or any costs incurred by the government in administering the Act or regulations, including those incurred in relation to specified actions (e.g., inspections, testing, seizures, forfeitures, disposals, risk-control measures, etc.).

      20.  Compensation for Use of Information:  Clause 66

Clause 66 authorizes the Minister to determine the terms and conditions of agreements regarding the payment of compensation by an applicant for the right to use or rely on information provided to the Minister by registrants under the Act.  Such agreements would have to be made in accordance with the regulations and would have to provide for the determination of compensation payable through negotiation and binding arbitration.  Selected sections of the Commercial Arbitration Act would govern the arbitration in question, unless the parties agreed otherwise.

      21.  Regulation-Making Powers:  Clause 67

Clause 67 confers broad regulation-making powers on the Governor in Council.  Regulations could be made in relation to 32 separate matters under clause 67(1).  Regulations could also be developed to implement selected articles under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (known as TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization Agreement.  These articles deal with restrictions on the disclosure of trade secrets (NAFTA only) and of safety and effectiveness data submitted in support of an application to register an agricultural chemical product (both agreements).

      22.  Offences and Punishment:  Clauses 68 to 79

As mentioned under clause 6, specific offences and related penalties are scattered throughout the bill.  Clauses 68 to 69 set out additional offences and penalties, whereas clause 70 deals with corporate liability issues.

The remaining clauses deal with a variety of matters, including evidentiary and sentencing matters.  For example:

       23.  Report to Parliament:  Clause 80

 The Minister would be required to table an annual report in Parliament regarding the administration and enforcement of the Act for that year, including:

       24.  Parliamentary Review

 Clause 80.1 requires a parliamentary review of the legislation every seven years after the day on which clause 1 (short title) comes into force.

 COMMENTARY

 In the 1^st session of the 37^th Parliament, Bill C-8’s predecessor, Bill C-53, was referred to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Health.  The Committee heard from more than 40 groups and individuals, as well as from the Minister of Health and officials from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (the PMRA).  As Bill C-8 was deemed to have passed all stages in the House of Commons on 9 October 2002, the following commentary will generally centre on the activities surrounding Bill C-53, including any amendments and House of Commons debates.

In general terms, the witnesses expressed support for the bill, which was viewed as an improvement over the existing thirty-year-old legislation.  It was widely felt, however, that the bill could be strengthened in a number of respects, but there was no consensus on which changes should be made.  For example, opinion differed on whether the bill should provide more or less protection for confidential business information.

The bill’s failure to implement a phase-out or ban on the use of pesticides for cosmetic purposes was one of the main areas of concern.  Witness after witness, primarily from the health and environmental sectors, emphasized the need for a Canada-wide approach, pointing out that initiatives at the municipal level, although welcome, failed to protect all Canadians from the harmful effects of pesticides.

Many members of the Committee were sympathetic to these concerns, but they decided against enacting a federal ban, due in large measure to the position of the federal government that regulating the use of pesticide products, post-registration, was an area of provincial and territorial jurisdiction.

A further area of concern was the lack of definition in the bill of the terms “acceptable risk” and “unacceptable risk.”  It was felt that these terms, which represent the standard by which products are approved or disapproved for registration, were too fundamental to the legislation to be left undefined.  Several definitions were proposed, but the government’s definition of “acceptable risk,” as amended by the Committee to include a reference to “future generations,” was accepted in the end.  It essentially calls for “reasonable certainty of no harm” (clause 2(2)).

The bill’s single reference to the precautionary principle in clause 20(2) also came under fire.  Many witnesses felt that this principle (or a reworded version of it) should be enshrined in the preamble and “operationalized” in other parts of the legislation.  The government officials responded that there was no need to do so because the bill already takes a precautionary approach.  Notably, the bill authorizes the registration of only those products that pose an “acceptable risk.”  The bill also requires appropriate safety margins to be applied in evaluating risk.  All amendments proposed in relation to the precautionary principle were accordingly defeated.

One important amendment that was made concerns the evaluation of aggregate exposure and cumulative effects.  Initially, Bill C-53 required consideration of these factors only in the evaluation of health risks for the purpose of setting the maximum (pesticide) residue levels (MRLs) on foodstuffs (clause 11(2)(a)).  Responding to concerns from health and environmental groups that these factors should be considered in all product evaluations (e.g., product registrations, re-evaluations or special reviews), the government introduced an amendment toclause 7(7), which requires that aggregate exposure and cumulative effects be considered in evaluating the health risks of products undergoing an initial evaluation for registration or a registration amendment.

The amendment that was passed, however, requires consideration of these factors only in relation to “selected” products, namely, products involving one of the following so-called “major” decisions:

Furthermore, because of the specific way in which the amendment was framed, the pre-existing requirements in clause 7(7) to apply safety margins in evaluating health risks were also made subject to the “selected” products limitation.  No such limitation had been prescribed in the original bill.  It is, therefore, an open question whether clause 7(7), as amended, constitutes a step forward because it calls for consideration of aggregate exposure and cumulative effects, or a step backward because all of the factors to be considered and the safety margins to be applied in evaluating health risks are now limited to “selected” products, that is, those involving a “major” decision.

A concomitant amendment requiring consideration of aggregate exposure and cumulative effects was also made in relation to the evaluation of health risks in the course of a re-evaluation or special review of a product under clause 19(2).

One amendment that was urged by the witnesses was the enactment of a fast-track mechanism for the registration of reduced-risk products.  Clause 7 was accordingly amended to require the Minister to expedite the evaluation of products that may reasonably be expected to pose lower health or environmental risks (clause 7(3)(b)).

A further amendment that was made, primarily in response to concerns raised by the agricultural sector, relates to “minor use” products.  Minor use products are products that are not available in Canada because the market for them is too small and there is therefore insufficient economic incentive for their manufacturers to seek and maintain registration in this country.  Several detailed amendments were proposed to promote and facilitate theregistration of minor use products, but these were ruled out of order as falling outside the scope of the bill.  The government’s much simpler amendment was accepted.  It amends the bill’s regulatory powers in clause 67 to expressly authorize the Governor in Council to make regulations respecting minor uses (clause 67(1)(f.1)).

A final noteworthy amendment concerns the periodic review of the legislation by Parliament.  The original bill did not call for such a review.  Because of the legislation’s complexity and importance, it was widely felt that there should be a periodic review by Parliament, although there was disagreement on the appropriate timing for such reviews.  Most proposed amendments called for a parliamentary review every five years, whereas the government amendment called for one every ten years.  In the spirit of compromise, agreement was reached on a parliamentary review every seven years, which was added under new clause 80.1 of the bill.

In the 1^st session of the 37^th Parliament, approximately 200 amendments were proposed in relation to Bill C-53 during its consideration by the House Committee. Of these, only 18 were adopted, some of which were purely technical in nature.  Many groups and individuals may, therefore, feel that the bill requires further improvement.  It is unclear, however, whether they would prefer to see the bill passed as currently amended or to insist that additional amendments be made first, thereby delaying its passage, possibly for some time to come.

---