CSC smudging toxicity : testing / authors, Nour Elsagan, Yoon Ko, Ben Jones.: NR24-91/1-2022E-PDF

"National Research Council (NRC) was approached by Correctional Services Canada (CSC) to evaluate the potential health hazard induced by inmates' smudging activities to inmates as well as correctional facility staff. The study included three tasks. Task 1 encompasses a literature review to investigate the typical composition of smudging materials, probable combustion effluents and their yields. Task 2 assesses potential impacts from exposure to smudging effluents. The findings from Tasks 1 and 2 were reported to CSC in a previous report. These findings demonstrated that an insufficient amount of information exists particularly on yields of effluents produced during smudging. Therefore, Task 3 was planned to obtain the chemical effluent and smoke particulate matter data from smudging. This report presents the findings from Task 3, where comprehensive evaluation of the hazards associated with smudging was conducted by testing four common smudging materials; black sage, juniper, tobacco, and white sage; in two testing facilities[.] … The combustion effluents and PM data from the testing were analyzed to estimate concentrations likely to be present in an inmate cell and their health effects. Finally, combustion effluent hazard assessment and recommendations were provided"--Executive summary, page iv.

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