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      <marc:subfield code="a">Xu, Li, </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Official language proficiency and immigrant labour market outcomes : </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="b">evidence from test-based multidimensional measures of language skills / </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="c">by Li Xu and Feng Hou.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">[Ottawa] : </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="c">2023.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="c">©2023</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">1 online resource (25 pages).</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Economic and social reports, </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="x">2563-8955 ; </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="v">Vol. 3, no. 1, January 2023</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Cover title.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"Release date: January 25, 2023."</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">At head of title: Research article.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Issued also in French under title: Maîtrise des langues officielles et résultats des immigrants sur le marché du travail : données probantes obtenues à l'aide de mesures multidimensionnelles des compétences linguistiques fondées sur des tests.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (pages 23-25).</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"Numerous studies have demonstrated that higher proficiency in the language spoken in the destination country improves immigrant labour market outcomes. However, because of a lack of objective measures of language skills, previous studies have mainly drawn on subjective measures of language proficiency and were confined to the effect of only one dimension or general language skills. This study examines the effects of test-based measures of official language proficiency in four dimensions - listening, speaking, reading and writing - on immigrant employment and earnings. The analysis focuses on economic principal applicants admitted through the Express Entry (EE) system who immigrated to Canada from 2015 to 2018. A self-reported language measure based on self-reported knowledge of official languages at immigration and mother tongue is also examined for comparison"--Abstract, page 1.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Language policy</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="t">Maîtrise des langues officielles et résultats des immigrants sur le marché du travail : </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Economic and social reports (Statistics Canada)</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="v">Vol. 3, no. 1, January 2023.</marc:subfield>
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