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      <marc:subfield code="a">Hou, Feng, </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Estimating immigrant citizenship rates in Canada and the United States : </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="b">data sources and comparability issues / </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="c">by Feng Hou, Garnett Picot and Li Xu.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">[Ottawa] : </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Economic and social reports, </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="x">2563-8955 ; </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="v">v. 5, no. 6, June 2025</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Issued also in French under title: Estimation des taux de citoyenneté des immigrants au Canada et aux États-Unis : sources de données et comparabilité.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"Release date: June 25, 2025."</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"Spotlight on data and research."</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (page 6).</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"This study was jointly conducted by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and Statistics Canada. Recent studies have documented a significant decline in the citizenship rate among recent immigrants to Canada. Among immigrants (permanent residents) admitted to Canada five to nine years earlier, the citizenship rate declined from 75.4% in 1996 to 45.7% in 2021 (Hou &amp; Picot, 2019; 2024). The effects of COVID-19 may partially explain the more recent decline, but the reasons for the longer-term fall remain unclear. Possible explanations include the increased fluidity of international migration, rapid economic growth in some source countries and changes in government policies on citizenship (Hou &amp; Picot, 2021). Cross-country comparisons can help clarify the relative importance of these factors. If similar trends are observed in other major immigrant-receiving Western countries, this would suggest that the underlying causes are not unique to Canada. The United States would be a useful comparison country for Canada, as both are major immigrant-receiving nations with close geographic and economic ties. However, differences in available data complicate comparisons of immigrant citizenship rates. This article examines key data sources for studying immigrant citizenship in both countries and highlights the challenges in comparing citizenship rates and trends"--Page 1.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Statistics Canada, </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="t">Estimation des taux de citoyenneté des immigrants au Canada et aux États-Unis : </marc:subfield>
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