Ecological consequences of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, in the Great Lakes Basin : vegetation, fishes and birds / Erin L. Gertzen ... [et al]. : Fs70-5/2016-117E-PDF

"Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), a large, herbivorous fish, was first introduced to North America in 1963 for aquatic macrophyte control. Grass Carp populations have since escaped from impoundments where they were stocked, entered rivers in central United States and continued making their way up the Mississippi River basin towards the Great Lakes. Grass Carp have also been spread by commerce in the United States, where sale of live diploid and certified triploid (reproductively sterile) Grass Carp is legal in several states. Between 2007 and 2012, 45 Grass Carp were caught in the Great Lakes basin and captures within the basin are continuing to occur with increasing frequency. The potential for Grass Carp to invade the Great Lakes is of increasing concern and Great Lakes managers need to understand the potential ecological consequences of Grass Carp to the Great Lakes basin. Using different approaches, the potential ecological impacts of Grass Carp on aquatic vegetation, native fishes, and bird communities in the Great Lakes basin were assessed"--Abstract, p. iv.

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