Some observations on niobium in steel / D.R. Bell and G.P. Contractor, Physical Metallurgy Division. : M38-8/11E-PDF

"The effects of niobium on silicon-killed, low carbon steel were investigated. Most of the data relate to 450-lb laboratory melts, forged and rolled to ¾ in. plate. Data from one heat of commercial steel were also investigated. In the as-rolled condition, it was found that small additions of niobium increased the yield strength and raised the transition temperature markedly, but that larger additions were less effective. In the normalized condition, the effects on yield strength were similar to those in the as-rolled condition but the changes were less marked. The transition temperature was improved with all levels of niobium, the smallest additions (up to 0'04%) being most effective. The evidence indicated that the effects of niobium on the yield strength and notch ductility of normalized carbon steel were qualitatively explicable in terms of grain refinement, and precipitation strengthening. The evidence did not account for the pronounced effects of small quantities of niobium on as-rolled steel"--Abstract, p. 42.

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