Effects of sand acclimation on burrowing rate and siphon nipping on growth of juveniles of the Pacific geoduck clam (Panopea generosa) / W. Liu ... [et al.]. : Fs97-6/3226E-PDF

“There has been recent interest in developing aquaculture of the Pacific geoduck clam (Panopea generosa) in British Columbia, Canada, and an existing productive culture industry for the species in Washington State, USA. Local hatcheries employ different culture systems either with or without sand as a substrate to produce the juvenile clams. The hatchery-reared seed, when planted on the sea bottom, are vulnerable to bottom-feeding predators. Fast burrowing and burial are important for survival after field out-planting. Out-planted individuals may be subject to various types of predation, including siphon nipping, which can reduce their fitness/growth or cause mortality. The effects of sand acclimation on burrowing rate and simulated siphon-nipping on growth and survival of young juveniles were examined in two separate laboratory studies. Results revealed that approximately 40% of the juveniles grown without sand acclimation temporarily lost their burrowing behaviour. Simulated siphon nipping did not significantly affect growth of the juveniles during a 4-week trial. These results suggest that sand acclimation is crucial prior to field out-planting of juvenile geoduck clams to maximize planting success, and that the occasional loss of siphonal tissues by predation would not critically affect the welfare of out-planted juveniles”--Abstract, p. iv.

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