Potential interactions between pipelines and terrain in a northern environment / R.O. van Everdingen. : En36-503/114E-PDF

"In a northern environment various interactions between pipelines and the terrain which they cross may produce adverse effects on pipeline integrity; adverse effects on the environment may also result, either directly or as a consequence of the increased maintenance or repairs required. In any particular situation the interactions and the severity of their effects will depend on the pipeline construction mode (e.g. buried or above-ground) and operation mode (e.g. chilled or warm); on the distribution of frozen and nonfrozen ground; and on the relative sensitivity of the ground during freezing and/or thawing. Most of the interactions are related to the occurrence and movement of surface water and subsurface water or to the occurrence or formation of ice. A tabulation of possible interactions and effects is presented as a guide to the potential problems that may occur during the construction and operation, as well as after abandonment, of a pipeline. When recognized early enough, development of such problems can often be avoided by rerouting or prevented by special design measures. Early recognition can in most cases only be achieved through special studies on groundwater levels, flow rates and temperatures; on the occurrence of icings; and on the distribution and character of ground ice"--Abstract, p. v.

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