A review of the properties and strength development of non-ferrous slags and Portland cement binders / E. Douglas and V.M. Malhotra, Mineral Processing Laboratory. : M38-13/85-7E-PDF

"This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the advances in research and in practical applications of copper, nickel, and lead slags as partial Portland-cement replacement in cemented mine backfill and in concrete. Recent research shows that glass content and pozzolanic properties of non-ferrous slags are not directly related and that grindability of the slags seems to be a function of the degree of vitrification. Compressive strength tests on mortars show that aircooled, non-ferrous slags can outperform granulated slags, depending on the fineness. During hydration, the slags seem to accelerate the rate of C3S hydration but do not seem to react immediately with the Ca(OH) 2 liberated. Nonferrous slags appear to have considerable potential for partial Portland-cement replacement in cemented mine backfill and, to a degree, in concrete. Research is needed to define the areas of additional applications, as well as limitations, to the use of non-ferrous slags"--Synopsis, p. iii.

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