Mechanical and structural changes during the deformation of copper by fatigue / by J. T. McGrath and R. C. A. Thurston. : M38-1/68-1960E-PDF

"The structural changes which take place in polycrystalline copper under the action of alternating cycles of torsion stress were studied, using the optical microscope and the X-ray diffraction camera, and an attempt was made to correlate them with changes in the shape of the cyclic stress-strain curve. It was found that the period of work-hardening was less than one per cent of the fatigue life, and that persistent surface markings, which are assumed to be incipient or actual microcracks, occur upon completion of work-hardening. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed considerable grain distortion at the completion of work-hardening in specimens cycled at a high strain amplitude This distortion became progressively less as the strain amplitude decreased"--Abstract, page i.

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