Escherichia coli in water and sand at beaches in Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, and Hamilton Harbour / J.E. Milne and M.N. Charlton. : En13-5/04-205E-PDF

"Escherichia coli has been used as an indicator organism for human faecal material and possible pathogen contamination of beaches for many years. In the public health sense there is not a requirement to understand in all cases the sources of the E.coli that may be causing beach closures or postings. We began to survey E.coli in Hamilton Harbour in 1998 because beaches were not allowed to open despite control of combined sewer overflows which were thought to be the source of contamination. Our surveys led to more detailed work that seemed to indicate that the bacteria actually came from the beach. We repeated this work on beaches of Lake Huron and Lake Ontario with similar results. Moreover, we found a source of E.coli in the pore water of the beach sands"--Abstract.

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