Biogeochemical study of an avian botulism outbreak / by T. Murphy [and five others]. : En13-5/99-263E-PDF

"This presentation was a review of our research on algal toxins. The weight of evidence is tightening the linkage between the presence of microcystins and the initiation of botulism. However, the specific pathway is uncertain. For example, algal toxins might kill small animals that become the substrate for Clostridium which then kills birds. Our ongoing indicate that if the algal toxin kills birds directly, it must be initially protected from digestive juices perhaps by bioaccumulation into duck food. The other focus of this study was to resolve why certain areas of the lake were much more toxic. Ongoing studies indicate that hotspots are set up by wind and appear to involve release of an essential nutrient, not phosphorus from sediments"--Manuscript perspective.

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