Thermal impact of artificial circulation on an ice-covered mid-latitude lake / by Christopher K. Rogers, Gregory A. Lawrence, Paul F. Hamblin. : En13-5/95-41E-PDF

"A numerical model of the heat budget of a small mid-latitude ice-covered lake was extended to include the impact of an artificial circulation device. Two lakes located in the Southern Interior Plateau of British Columbia were selected for a field investigation to verify the model. The effects of the device include polynya development, and a substantial reduction in average lake temperature. An empirical surface velocity relationship derived from field measurements is used to estimate polynya size and turbulent heat transfer from the circulated water to the ice cover. Over the cooling period, the average heat lost from turbulent heat transfer between water and ice was three times that lost across the polynya surface. Lake temperature, polynya size and snow depth were well represented by the model. Further work is required to assess discrepancies between early winter ice thickness predictions and observations"--Abstract.

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