Summer circulation in the Kingston Basin, Lake Ontario / I.K. Tsanis, A. Masse, C.R. Murthy, and K. Miners. : En13-5/90-32E-PDF

"During the summers of 1986 and 1987 a network of current meter moorings, meteorological buoys and satellite drifters were deployed by National Water Research Institute (NWRI) to examine the circulation in the Kingston Basin and St. Lawrence outflow area. Power density spectra were computed along vector components and clockwise and anticlockwise components. Coherence and phase were computed between surface and bottom currents at the same mooring and between current and wind stress. The analysis reveals a varied response of currents to wind stress throughout the basin and also indicates the existence of complicated wind and hydraulic circulation patterns. The principal axes and mean direction of the measured currents show that the flow is strongly influenced by bottom topography. The numerous islands in the Kingston Basin affect the circulation. The mean barotropic flow along the north side of the Amherst Island is weak. However the currents exhibit high variability in response to barotropic pressure gradients induced by wind driven water level set-up with the flow around the Amherst Island being 180° out of phase with the wind. During the summer months the flow in the Kingston Basin is stratified resulting in two layer flow at the boundary between the basin and Lake Ontario. The mean currents in the epilimnion move landward towards the St. Lawrence River mouth while the mean currents in the hypolimnion move lakeward towards Lake Ontario through three deep channels"--Abstract.

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