Environmental effects of aluminum used in water treatment plants of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil / Jose M. Azcue, Olaf Malm and Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer. : En13-5/94-25E-PDF

"The effect of the extended use of alum in water treatment on the concentration of aluminum in treated water was investigated. Water from the Paraiba do Sul-Guandu River (PSR-GR) system, collected after conventional treatment, was analyzed from the six main Water Treatment Plants (WTP). Among the studied WTP was the Guandu-WTP which provides water to the city of Rio de Janeiro (11 million inhabitants) with a flow of 40 m/s. The concentrations of aluminum found were near and sometimes over the values recommended by the World Health Organization (200 µg/L), with an average concentration of 306 µg/L, reaching seasonally maximum/values of 877 µg/L at the WTP and 2,100 µg/L in the house tap. The discharge of alum sludge back to the river system is the predominant pathway in the aluminum cycling in the study area, followed by sedimentation and enhanced availability to the biota"--Abstract, page 2.

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