Observations and numerical simulation of a small ice-covered mid-latitude lake / by Christopher K. Rogers, Paul F. Hamblin, Gregory A. Lawrence. : En13-5/93-17E-PDF

"An existing heat transfer algorithm is extended to permit the simulation of ice and snow cover on a small mid-latitude lake. New features include: snowmelt due to rain, sediment heat transfer, snow-ice formation, and variability in snow density, snow conductivity and albedo. Since the lake considered is nearly isothermal in winter, the new model ignores internal thermodynamics. All discrepancies between field observations and model predictions are accounted for by parameter uncertainties and expected observation error. It was found that sediment heat transfer may be irnportant in early winter in preventing a net loss of heat from the lake water. Significant heat gains in the latter part of winter, however, are attributed to the penetration of solar radiation through the ice"--Abstract.

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