On the Epper effect in towing tanks / P. Engel. : En13-5/93-67E-PDF

"Using dimensional analysis and basic wave theory, the wave conditions in a towing tank during current meter calibrations were examined. It has been shown that the existence of deep water waves and shallow water waves depends on the towing speed Froude number 𝐹. Deep water waves exist when 𝐹 < 0.6 and shallow water waves exist when 𝐹 > 0.6. It was further shown, that when the towing speed approaches the velocity of a shallow water wave, current meters measure a velocity less than the towing speed, with the maximum deficit occurring when 𝐹 = 1. This phenomenon is known as the Epper effect. In the NWRI towing tank, the Epper effect occurs when the towing speed is 5.2 m/s"--Abstract, page iii.

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