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      <marc:subfield code="a">Benmoussa, Amor Aniss, </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="e">author.</marc:subfield>
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    <marc:datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="4">
      <marc:subfield code="a">The new benchmark for forecasts of the real price of crude oil / </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="c">by Amor Aniss Benmoussa, Reinhard Ellwanger and Stephen Snudden.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="b">Bank of Canada = Banque du Canada, </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="c">2020.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="c">©2020</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Staff working paper = Document de travail du personnel, </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="x">1701-9397 ; </marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="v">2020-39</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"Last updated: September 22, 2020."</marc:subfield>
    </marc:datafield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (pages 22-23).</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">"We propose a new no-change benchmark to evaluate forecasts of series that are temporally aggregated. The new benchmark is the last high-frequency observation and reflects the null hypothesis that the underlying series, rather than the aggregated series, is unpredictable. Under the random walk null hypothesis, using the last high-frequency observation improves the mean squared prediction errors of the no-change forecast constructed from average monthly or quarterly data by up to 45 percent. We apply this insight to forecasts of the real price of crude oil and show that a new benchmark that relies on monthly closing prices dominates the conventional no-change forecast in terms of forecast accuracy. Although model-based forecasts also improve when models are estimated using closing prices, only the futures-based forecast significantly outperforms the new benchmark. Introducing a more suitable benchmark changes the assessments of different forecasting approaches and of the general predictability of real oil prices"--Abstract, page ii.</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Petroleum products</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Produits pétroliers</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Bank of Canada, </marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="a">Staff working paper (Bank of Canada)</marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="v">2020-39.</marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="w">(CaOODSP)9.806221</marc:subfield>
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      <marc:subfield code="q">PDF</marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="s">2.79 MB</marc:subfield>
      <marc:subfield code="u">https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2020/banque-bank-canada/FB3-5-2020-39-eng.pdf</marc:subfield>
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