Updated review considerations and mitigation guide for habitat of the grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) / by George A. Coker, Julia E. Colm, Debbie L. Ming, Nicholas E. Mandrak. : Fs97-4/3218E-PDF

"The Grass Pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) is a member of the Pike family that has been designated as a species of Special Concern by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada and is listed on Schedule 1 of the federal Species at Risk Act. The Canadian distribution includes southwestern Quebec and southern Ontario. The Grass Pickerel frequently occupies the niche of top-predator in heavily vegetated, shallow, low-velocity areas where habitat conditions are unsuitable for larger top-predators. Despite being rather resilient to natural variations in environmental conditions, Grass Pickerel has fairly specific habitat requirements that result in a highly disjunct distribution in Ontario and Quebec. Threats to this species include, but are not limited to: habitat degradation and destruction through channel alterations that result in the loss of aquatic vegetation and other cover types, as well as the loss of low-velocity and shallow habitats; pollution and degradation of water quality; siltation of watercourses; low water levels; and diversion of cool or cold water into Grass Pickerel habitat. Mitigation strategies are proposed to minimize the impacts of watercourse modifications to this species"--Abstract, page v.

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