Lung cancer and ambient PM2.5 in Canada : a systematic review and meta-analysis. : H144-98/2022E-PDF

"In Canada, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with a five-year survival rate under 20%. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important environmental risk factor for lung cancer. Additionally, the International Agency of Research for Cancer (IARC) determined that ambient particulate matter (PM) is a Group 1 carcinogen (2016), Health Canada (2013) concluded that chronic exposure to PM likely causes lung cancer mortality, and the US EPA (2019) concluded that the relationship between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cancer was likely to be causal. Systematic review and meta-analysis methodology was implemented to provide quantitative evidence that long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer specific to Canada. Additional qualitative evidence was provided to characterize other additional factors (such as confounders, effect modifiers, and the shape of the concentration-response curve) that may further contextualize the relationship of interest"--Abstract, page vii.

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