Rearing of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in cold water : Kalum Pilot Hatchery experiences 1980-1983 / D.D. MacKinlay, R.F. Fielden. : Fs97-4/1943E-PDF

"Chinook salmon were incubated and reared in a pilot-scale facility to assess the feasibility of using the Dry Creek spring water source as the water supply for a production-scale facility and to begin assessment of release strategies for a Skeena chinook stock. The two groundwater springs 35 km north of Terrace, B.C. produce a total of 50,000 LPM of water which ranges from over 6.5°C in winter to less than 4.5°C in summer. Gravel box incubation in ambient water resulted in unacceptably prolonged emergence in the decreasing temperature regimes. Vertical tray incubation allowed better control of ponding timing. Heating the water allowed for earlier ponding, better initiation of feeding and a longer rearing period, resulting in 4 g+ release size, compared to less than 2 g for ambient water, although once feeding was initiated in warm water, the growth rates were similar for heated and unheated test groups"--Abstract, page iv.

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