TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

OUTLINE OF THE ACCORD

   A.  General

   B.  Immigration Levels (Sections 5-8)

   C.  Family Reunification (Family Class and Assisted Relatives - Sections 13-16; 21)

   D.  Refugees (Sections 17-20)

   E.  Visitors (Section 22)

   F.  Reception and Integration (Sections 24-29; Annex A, Sections 24-25; Annex B)

   G.  Administration of the Accord (Annex A)

   H.  Other
      1.   The Investor Program (Annex D)
      2.  Letter of Understanding

On 5 February 1991, the Honourable Barbara McDougall, federal Minister of Employment and Immigration, and Madame Monique Gagnon-Tremblay, Quebec’s ministre des Communautés culturelles et de l’Immigration, signed the Canada-Quebec Accord Relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens. It came into force on 1 April 1991. The agreement came on the heels of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and largely accomplished what would have taken place in the area of immigration had Meech Lake passed. The purpose of this paper is to outline the contents of the Accord, concentrating on those features that differ from the Cullen-Couture Agreement, which it replaced.

Canada and Quebec have had immigration agreements since 1971, the 1978 Cullen-Couture Agreement being the third.(1) Under that Agreement, Quebec played a major role with regard to independent immigrants, that is, those selected on the basis of economic and social factors intended to assess their ability to adapt and to contribute to the province. For this purpose, Quebec enacted its own point system, which, while it has many of the same features as the federal system, nevertheless differs in some significant respects. Under the Accord, Quebec’s role with regard to independent immigrants continues, and its right to select all other immigrants to whom selection criteria apply now or might apply in the future is made explicit. In many ways, however, the Accord resembles the former agreement; indeed, one of its preliminary statements is that the Accord is "inspired by the Cullen-Couture Agreement" and it will be remembered that the agreement contemplated by Meech Lake was to "incorporate the principles of the Cullen-Couture agreement ..." The provisions governing the delivery of reception and integration services, however, were introduced by the Accord.

The initial sections of the Accord state its contents and objectives. Section 1 sets out the four areas covered by the Accord:

• the selection of persons coming permanently or temporarily to Quebec;

• their admission into Canada;

• their integration into Quebec society; and

• the determination of levels of immigration to Quebec

In section 2 of the Accord, an important new objective for Quebec was introduced: to preserve Quebec’s demographic weight within Canada and to integrate immigrants to the province in a manner that respects the distinct society of Quebec. This objective was to be achieved primarily by Quebec’s formal role in advising about the number of immigrants it wishes to receive, the attempt to ensure numbers of immigrants proportional to the population of the province, and Quebec’s assumption of all integration services, with a particular emphasis on providing permanent residents with the means to learn the French language.

Canada remains responsible for national standards and objectives relating to immigration, the admission of all immigrants and the admission and control of visitors. Admission in relation to immigrants means the application of the criteria relating to criminality, security and health, in addition to the administrative processing of applications and physical admission to Canada at ports of entry. Quebec is responsible for the selection, reception and integration of immigrants to Quebec. Canada commits itself not to admit any independent immigrant or refugee into Quebec who does not meet Quebec’s selection criteria (except for adjudicating refugee claims from within the country).

   B. Immigration Levels (Sections 5 - 8)

The Canada-Quebec Accord incorporates the Meech Lake Accord commitment that Quebec should receive the same percentage of the total number of immigrants admitted to Canada as is its percentage of the Canadian population, with the right to exceed this figure by 5%, for demographic reasons. The troublesome word "guarantee" contained in the Meech Lake Accord was dropped. Instead, both parties undertake to pursue policies to achieve that goal. Although the Accord itself is silent on the matter, for Canada, such policies could include providing sufficient resources abroad to process immigration applications, particularly in Francophone countries, and setting higher processing targets for those posts.

Canada remains responsible for establishing levels of immigration annually, taking into account Quebec’s advice on the number of immigrants that it wants to receive. For the first time, a formal timetable for consultation was set out in the Accord whereby Canada informs Quebec by 30 April of each year of the options being considered with respect to future immigration levels, broken down into the various immigration classes.(2)  Quebec, in turn, informs Canada before 30 June of the number of immigrants it wishes to receive in the coming year or years, also broken down into classes. Following this process, the Immigration Act (together with the regulations) requires the federal Minister to table an annual levels report by 1 November of each year, if Parliament is then sitting, or otherwise within 15 days of the resumption of sitting by either House.

Another provision introduced in the Accord commits Quebec to receive, out of the total number of refugees received by Canada, a percentage at least equal to the percentage of immigrants that it has undertaken to receive.

   C. Family Reunification (Family Class and Assisted Relatives - Sections 13 - 16; 21)

Family class members are not "selected" in the same sense as other immigrants. If selection criteria were desired in the future, the Canada-Quebec Accord provides that Canada would have sole responsibility for establishing them; Quebec would be responsible for the application of these criteria to immigrants destined to that province. In Annex A(3) (section 18), Canada commits itself to facilitating interviews of family class applicants where Quebec so desires, and Quebec commits itself to ensuring that the processing of those applicants will take place during the normal time period. Essentially, family class processing under the Accord continues as it did under Cullen-Couture, but with the additional commitment from Quebec that no delays will result from the interview by the province.

The treatment of assisted relatives continues much as before. Under Cullen-Couture, assisted relatives could immigrate to Quebec if they received sufficient points under either Quebec’s or Canada’s system. The Accord continues that approach, although the requirement that the two systems award the same number of bonus points was dropped.

Family class applicants must be sponsored by a permanent resident or citizen of Canada. For such applicants destined to Quebec, that province continues, as it did under Cullen-Couture, to administer sponsorship undertakings and set the financial criteria for sponsors. According to a provision introduced by the Accord, this will be done only where such undertakings or financial criteria are required under federal legislation.

As in the past, Canada continues to be solely responsible for the processing of claims to refugee status made by people already in Canada. With regard to refugees and others in similar circumstances selected abroad, Canada determines which individuals qualify in these categories and Quebec chooses from among them the individuals it feels are best able to settle in Quebec. The Accord introduced an explicit veto on refugee admissions that was not present in Cullen-Couture ("... Canada shall not admit a refugee ... who is destined to Quebec and who does not meet Quebec’s selection criteria.")

As noted above, Quebec also commits itself to taking its appropriate share of refugees and persons in similar circumstances selected abroad.

As was the case under Cullen-Couture, Quebec’s prior consent is required for the admission to that province of three types of visitors: foreign students, temporary foreign workers, and foreign visitors entering to receive medical treatment. It should be noted that it is current federal policy and practice to seek the consent of all provinces before admitting foreign students and foreign visitors entering to receive medical treatment.

As would have been the case had the Meech Lake Accord been ratified, Canada commits itself in the Canada-Quebec Accord to withdraw from the delivery of services for the reception and linguistic and cultural integration of permanent residents in Quebec, as well as from a program for the counselling and placement of immigrants. Canada provides compensation to Quebec for such services, as long as they correspond to those offered by Canada in the rest of the country and as long as all permanent residents of the province, whether they were selected by Quebec or not, can have access to them. This latter requirement reflects the fact, noted in one of the recitals at the beginning of the Accord, that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom of movement to all permanent residents in Canada. Any permanent resident, therefore, may move to Quebec from any province and be eligible for services on the same basis as immigrants actually selected by Quebec.

Canada alone is responsible for services relating to citizenship, and is not constrained in any way from providing Canadian citizens with services relating to multiculturalism or from promoting multiculturalism.

Section 1 of Annex B lists the settlement and linguistic services from which Canada withdrew. Comparison with the settlement activities outlined in the government’s spending Estimates for the first year of the Accord indicates that it is a comprehensive list. Appendix B also set out the compensation to be paid to Quebec in the initial years of the Accord, as follows:

                                $75 million for 1991-92   
                                $82 million for 1992-93   
                                $85 million for 1993-94   
                                 $90 million for 1994-95(4)
Total: $332 million*

* In 1990-91, direct program expenditures in Quebec by the federal government for the services listed in Appendix B were approximately $46.3 million. Expenditures for 1991-92 therefore represented an increase of 61.9%.

Since 1990, compensation has been the base sum of $90 million, increasing at the same rate as government spending generally (excluding debt service payments). The amount will also increase if there are relative changes in the immigrant flow to Quebec. The amount of money paid to Quebec for settlement and language services cannot diminish under the formulas established under the Accord (although it could be changed by mutual agreement). This means that if the amount of money available for settlement generally were to decrease (or increase less than general government expenditures), Quebec would continue to be guaranteed its base sum of $90 million, as increased by the escalator clause. Similarly, even though the number of immigrants to Quebec has declined significantly since the Accord was signed (falling from some 20% in 1991 to the current 13-14%), the sums are guaranteed.

When the share of immigrants to Quebec is less than that province’s share of the population of Canada as a whole, increases in compensation are related, in part, to increases in the number of Francophone immigrants to Quebec. This no doubt reflects the fact that language training is the most expensive aspect of integration. On the other hand, when Quebec’s share of immigrants is more than its share of the Canadian population, increases in compensation are tied, in part, to the proportional change in Quebec’s share of immigrants over the previous year.(5)  It is not readily apparent why the most accurate indicator of settlement needs, the ability of an immigrant to speak French, was not used for both situations.

   G. Administration of the Accord (Annex A)

As in the Cullen-Couture Agreement, the Accord established two committees to implement the Accord, the Joint Committee and the Implementation Committee. The Joint Committee is required to meet at least once a year (as compared to at least quarterly under Cullen-Couture) and, among other things, approves joint directives, ensures the exchange of information and promotion of joint research projects relating to migration flow, and discusses Quebec’s sponsorship criteria. Since the introduction of the Accord, the Joint Committee’s mandate has included monitoring the speed of processing immigrants destined to Quebec, providing an opinion on any changes Canada might wish to make to the definition of classes of immigrants and the inadmissibility criteria, and studying annually the reception and integration services offered by both Canada and Quebec. The Accord states that "a representative of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade" was to be a member of the Committee, a formalization of past practice; however, this would seem to be redundant now that Citizenship and Immigration Canada has resumed responsibility for overseas processing.

The Implementation Committee, which must meet at least twice a year, prepares joint guidelines for the implementation of the Accord and provides a forum for discussion of any problems that arise. The Accord added to the Committee’s mandate the duty to ensure the elimination of duplication of the functions performed by the officials of both parties, and to review proposed changes in the laws of each jurisdiction.

It is interesting to note that the Accord contains a mechanism for its amendment, but not for its termination. A termination clause is a common feature of agreements such as this and was found in Cullen-Couture.(6)  Section 33 of the Accord, however, merely states: "This Accord may be re-opened at the request of either party with prior notice of six months. Failing agreement on amendment, the Accord continues in force." It may be presumed that the clause was drafted in that way because the Accord was originally intended to be entrenched in the Constitution following the passage of Meech Lake. In that form, the Accord would not have been subject to termination by either party at will, merely on the giving of notice. It remains to be seen what would happen if, at some point in the future, one party were to become dissatisfied with the Accord and no agreement could be reached.

   H. Other

Appendix D incorporates the text of an agreement reached with Quebec, in effect since January 1990, with respect to the investor program. In it, Quebec, which has its own investor regulations, undertook to administer its program in a manner consistent with the spirit and objectives of the federal regulations, and the parties agreed to harmonize their respective standards and practices; it appears, however, that they have not done so. As is the case for other independent immigrants, Quebec is responsible for the selection of investors according to its own regulations and policies; Canada is responsible for their admission.

      2. Letter of Understanding

In a letter of understanding accompanying the Accord, the parties agreed that the Implementation Committee would formulate, by 1 April 1991, the joint directives and mechanisms necessary for the smooth implementation of the Accord, retaining as much as possible of the structure formerly in place under the Cullen-Couture Agreement. Quebec also agreed to offer employment in the Quebec Public Service to all permanent employees of the federal government whose jobs were affected by the transfer of settlement services to the province, a commitment that potentially affected some 60 to 70 people. The parties agreed that appropriate arrangements would be made regarding the pension plans of any employees who accepted the offer.