Ice jams / by S. Beltaos.: En13-5/87-106E-PDF

"Ice jamming is the most serious effect of river ice. Problems caused by ice jams include damage to structures, interference with navigation, constraints to hydropower production and flooding, the latter having the greatest impact. To anticipate and alleviate such problems, a thorough understanding of ice jam processes is necessary. These processes, i.e. formation, evolution and release, are discussed so as to identify various types of jams, important hydroclimatic factors and regional variations in the ice regime. Because much of the current knowledge is qualitative or empirical, the solution of various problems depends not only on application of scientific principles but also on site-specific observations and ice monitoring. Occasionally, the processes are so complex that physical modelling is necessary. Mitigation methods are reviewed briefly and broadly classified as structural or non-structural. The former are generally reliable but expensive while the latter are much cheaper but often ineffective. To improve the state of the art, advancements in several areas are needed. These include basic research, instrumentation and techniques for field measurements, and development of suitable materials to substitute an ice cover in laboratory experimentation"--Abstract, page 1.

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