Mechanism of low-stress brittle fracture in normally ductile materials / L.P. Trudeau, Physical Metallurgy Division.: M38-1/190-1967E-PDF

"A mechanism is suggested for brittle failures, in service, from small flaws in normally ductile materials which exhibit an impact energy transition behaviour. The theory suggests, and experiments confirm, that the minimum defect size required for fracture may be more than an order of magnitude smaller than the average size required. The necessary conditions for such a fracture are: (1) the material must exhibit dynamic nil-ductility behaviour under the conditions of stress, temperature and section size that apply in the structure; (2) there must be a defect of sufficient size to give rise to a stress field capable of sustaining a running fracture; and (3), at the base of this stress raiser, there must be a metallurgical imperfection or operative process capable of giving a fast increment of rupture over a microscopic distance comparable to the plastic zone size of a running fracture"--Abstract, page i.

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