The Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E-CHAIM) : bottomside / David Themens [and three others].: D68-3/184-2018E-PDF

"In this study, we present a bottomside model representation to be used by the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E-CHAIM). This model features a new approach to modeling the bottomside electron density; namely, instead of modelling electron density directly, E-CHAIM models the altitude profile of the scale thickness of a single bottomside layer. In this approach the curvature in the bottomside associated with the E-region and F1-layer is represented in the scale thickness domain as a peak function centered at the layer peak altitude. The use of this approach ensures the production of explicitly doubly differentiable bottomside electron density profiles and directly avoids issues known to exist within current standard, such as the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), which has discontinuities in space, time, and in the vertical electron density gradient"--Abstract.

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