Measurement of discharge under ice cover / P.W. Strilaeff and J.H. Wedel. : En36-515/29E-PDF

"Many difficulties are encountered in the measurement of discharge under ice cover, particularly in the operation of hydrologic data-gathering networks located in Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions. Difficulties result from extreme ice thicknesses, double thicknesses of ice, large depths of slush ice, coincidence of spring flows with ice breakup, freeze-up of gauging equipment in sub-zero temperatures, etc. Some of these difficulties are discussed, and procedures used in the operation of networks in northern areas of Canada are outlined. A possible technique for the estimation of river discharge using a single velocity in a cross-section is briefly described, and a comparison of accuracy between discharges derived using this technique and measured discharges using standard methods is demonstrated"--Abstract, p. v.

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