Wave forces on a pipeline in a trench / by M.G. Skafel and C.T. Bishop. : En13-5/90-118E-PDF

"Most existing design information for wave forces on pipelines deals with the case of pipes on a flat bottom, not in a trench. However, the Beaufort Sea environment will require submarine pipelines to be placed in trenches. Therefore, a series of tests representative of Beaufort design conditions was conducted at a scale of 1:15 in the wind-wave flume of the NWRI Hydraulics Laboratory. The drag and lift coefficients in the Morison equation, calculated from the measured forces, were found to be comparable to values reported in the literature for pipes on flatbeds at the same total depth of water. Flow visualization tests conducted at scale of 1:60 in a smaller flume supported this conclusion"--Abstract.

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