Optimum crystal orientation for a barium sodium niobate transverse light modulator / by D.C. Johnson. : Co24-3/7-1229-1972E-PDF

"A theoretical expression has been derived for the half-wave voltage required for a transverse modulator constructed from a crystal of barium sodium niobate in an arbitrary orientation. From this expression the optimum crystal orientation which produces the lowest half-wave voltage was found. Although this work was complicated by the fact that not all the signs of the electro-optic coefficients are known, it is shown that modulators can be constructed with half-wave voltages significantly lower than was previously available. Forexample, in the case of amplitude modulation it should be possible to construct a modulator with a half-wave voltage of 690 or 836 volts depending on whether the sign of the r 51 coefficient is positive or negative. Whereas, in the normally used crystal orientation, the half-wave voltage is 1,750 volts"--Abstract, page 1.

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